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The paper outlines the current status of workers’ rights in international law, presents the steps taken in recent years to enforce these rights on a global level, and discusses the general challenges to their enforcement in light of new geopolitical tensions, explaining these challenges as a consequence of capitalist competition. The central thesis is that the competitive principle of capitalism has an inherent tendency to transcend borders while mobilising social forces on a national scale. Under certain conditions, such national mobilisation leads to aggressive hyper-nationalism. At the present juncture, progress towards better enforcement of workers’ rights seems to be countered by heightened distributional conflicts in the capitalist heartlands and their peripheries.
Anner, Mark (2018): CSR participation committees, wildcat strikes and the sourcing squeeze in global supply chains. In: British Journal of Industrial Relations 56 (1), 75-98. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjir.12275
Anner, Mark (2019): Predatory purchasing practices in global apparel supply chains and the employment relations squeeze in the Indian garment export industry. In: International Labour Review 158 (4), 705-727. https://doi.org/10.1111/ilr.12149
Breman, Jan/Linden, Marcel van der (2025): Work without protection: Informal work. In: Moore, Madelaine/Scherrer, Christoph/Linden, Marcel van der (eds.): The Elgar Companion to Decent Work and the Sustainable Development Goals. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 128-138. [in print]
Bluhm, Katharina (2023): Russland und der Westen: Ideologie, Ökonomie und Politik seit dem Ende der Sowjetunion. Berlin: Matthes & Seitz
CBI – Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2019): European apparel brands increasingly shifting production out of China. cbi.eu/news/european-apparel-brandsincreasingly-shifting-production-out-china, 11.12.2024.
CBP – U.S. Customs and Border Protection 2023: Uyghur forced labor prevention act statistics. cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/trade/uyghur-forced-labor-preventionact-statistics, 15.2.2024
Chang, Ha-Joon (2002): Kicking away the ladder. development strategy under historical perspective. London: Anthem Press.
Consultancy.eu (2022): European companies increasingly moving to reshore Asia production. consultancy.eu/news/7430/european-companies-increasingly-moving-to-reshore-asia-production, 11.12.2024.
Corley-Coulibaly, Marva/Grasselli, Gaia/Postolachi, Ira (2023): Promoting and enforcing compliance with labour provisions in trade agreements. Comparative analysis of Canada, European Union and United States approaches and practices. Geneva: International Labour Organization.
Drubel, Julia/Mende, Janne (2023): The hidden contestation of norms: Decent work in the International Labour Organization and the United Nations. In: Global Constitutionalism 12 (2), 246-268. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045381722000259
Duggan, Niall (2020): China—The Champion of the Developing World: A Study of China’s new Development Model and its Role in Changing Global Economic Governance. In: Politics Policy 48, 836-858. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12377
Erne, Roland/Anner, Mark/Ford, Michele/Kay, Tamara/Maccarrone, Vincenzo (2025): Regional integration: a promising tool to advance the international decent work agenda? In: Moore, Madelaine/Scherrer, Christoph/Linden, Marcel van der (eds.): The Elgar Companion to Decent Work and the Sustainable Development Goals. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 396-411. [in print]
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Germann, Julian (2023): Global rivalries, corporate interests and Germany’s ‘National Industrial Strategy 2030’. In: Review of International Political Economy 30 (5), 1749-1775. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2022.2130958
Gray, Julian/Muhlberg, Gabrielle/McFarland, Saga (2023): Supply Chain Scrutiny Is the New Normal. https://apcoworldwide.com/blog/supply-chain-scrutiny-isthe-new-normal/, 11.12.2024.
Greven, Thomas (2003): Clash of Globalizations? The Politics of International Labor Rights in the United States European University Studies. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Ho, Wing-Chung (2022): The Surge of Nationalist Sentiment among Chinese Youth during the COVID-19 Pandemic. In: China: An International Journal 20 (4), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1353/chn.2022.0032
Hui, Elaine Sio-ieng (2018): Hegemonic transformation: The state, laws, and labour relations in post-socialist China. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
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Karatepe, İsmail Doğa (2021): Recent right-wing lurches: What do they have in common for India and Turkey? In: Babacan, Errol/Kutun, Melehat/Pinar, Ezgi/Yilmaz, Zafer (eds.): Regime Change in Turkey. New York: Routledge, 160-175. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003098638-12
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Korkmaz, Emre Eren (2019): Syrian Refugee Garment Workers in the Turkish Supply Chain of Global Corporations. In: Yılmaz, Gaye/Karatepe, İsmail Doğa/Tören, Tolga (eds.): Integration through exploitation: Syrians in Turkey. Augsburg: Rainer Hampp Verlag, 42-54.
Ludwig, Carmen/Webster, Edward (2020): Decent Work for All: Rethinking Decent Work in the Context of South Africa. In: Sozialpolitik. 2 (3), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.18753/2297-8224-158
Marginson, Paul (2016): Governing work and employment relations in an internationalized economy: The institutional challenge. In: ILR Review 69 (5), 1033-1055. https://doi.org/10.1177/0019793916654891
Mückenberger, Ulrich (2016): Non-state actors within the dynamics of hybrid global labour law. In: International Journal of Business Governance and Ethics 10 (3/4), 248-263. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBGE.2015.074348
Musiolek, Bettina/Tamindžija, Bojana/Aleksić, Stefan/Oksiutovych, Anna/Dutchak, Oksana/Medarov, Georgi/Vragolović, Ana (2020): Ausbeutung Made in Europe. Bericht über Menschenrechtsverstöße in der Produktion für deutsche Modemarken in Ukraine, Serbien, Kroatien und Bulgarien. Berlin: Clean Clothes Campaign Germany.
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Polaski, Sandra/Nolan García, Kimberly A./Rioux, Michéle (2022): The USMCA: A “New Model” for Labor Governance in North America?. In: Gagné, Gilbert/Rioux, Michéle (eds.) NAFTA 2.0. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 139-156. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81694-0_10
Sharp, Joanne (2020): Critical Geopolitics. In: International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (Second Edition). Amsterdam: Elsevier, 45-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102295-5.10457-3
Scheper, Christian (2025): Corporate due diligence in global value chains. In: Moore, Madelaine/Scherrer, Christoph/Linden, Marcel van der (eds.): The Elgar Companion to Decent Work and the Sustainable Development Goals. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 370-381. [in print]
Scherrer, Christoph (2017): The Development Rationale for International Labour Rights. In: The Indian Journal of Labour Economics (82),1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41027-017-0082-3
Scherrer, Christoph (2018): Labour surplus is here to stay: why ‘decent work for all’ will remain elusive. In: Journal of Social and Economic Development 20 (2), 293-307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40847-018-0066-2
Scherrer, Christoph (2020): Novel labour-related clauses in a trade agreement: from NAFTA to USMCA. In: Global Labour Journal 11(3), 291-306. https://doi.org/10.15173/glj.v11i3.4228
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Zajak, Sabine (2017): International Allies, Institutional Layering and Power in the Making of Labour in Bangladesh. In: Development and Change 48 (5), 1007-1030. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12327
labour standards, enforcement mechanisms, uneven development, geopolitical conflicts, friendshoring
This article examines the impact of the United States-MexicoCanada Agreement’s (USMCA’s) labour provisions, specifically the Rapid Response Labor Mechanism (RRLM), on union dynamics within Mexico’s automotive sector. Through an analysis of two case studies —the General Motors plant and auto parts manufacturer Draxton, both located in Central Mexico— we explore how the RRLM functions in the context of local power structures, global economic pressures, and the asymmetrical trade relationship between the United States and Mexico. While the RRLM has facilitated advancements, such as the establishment of an independent union at GM and subsequent improvements in working conditions, its limitations are evident in cases such as Draxton, where corporate resistance and weak institutional frameworks undermined efforts to achieve substantive reform. Using a multiscalar theoretical framework, we highlight the intersection of global governance mechanisms with local labour realities, revealing tensions between democratising union practices and the structural pressures to maintain economic competitiveness. The findings emphasise that, although the RRLM enhances the visibility of labour violations, its transformative potential is constrained by structural inequalities and localised resistance. We argue that sustainable labour reform in Mexico’s automotive industry requires bridging global frameworks with robust local strategies to strengthen workers’ capacities to challenge entrenched power asymmetries.
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Bensusán, Graciela/Florez, Nelson (2020): La calidad de los empleos en el sector de exportación: del TLCAN al T-MEC. In: Alba Vega, Carols/Rodríguez, Mauricio (Eds.): Desigualdades laborales y urbanas en México. (Miradas múltiples para pensar a México y al mundo, 2). El Colegio de México, 37-75. https://doi.org/10.24201/fi.v60i3.2670
Bensusán, Graciela/Middlebrook, Kevin J. (2020): Political change from the outside. In: U.S. trade leverage and labor rights reform in Mexico. Foro Internacional LX (3), 985–1039.
Bieler, Andreas/Lee, Chun-Yi (2017): Exploitation and Resistance: A Comparative Analysis of the Chinese Cheap Labour Electronics and High-Value Added IT Sectors. In: Globalizations 14 (2), 202-215. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2016.1204698
Bown, Chad P./Claussen, Kathleen (2024): The Rapid Response Labor Mechanism of the US-Mexico-Canada Agreement. In: World Trade Review 23 (3), 335-362. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474745624000053
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Campling, Liam/Smith, Adria/Barbu, Mirela (2022): Labour regimes and tradebased integration. In: Baglioni, Elena/Campling, Liam/Coe, Neil M./Smith, Adrian (eds.): Labour Regimes and Global Production. Newcastle: Agenda Publishing, 247-268. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781788213622.014
Coe, Neil M./Jordhus-Lier, David C. (2011): Constrained agency? Re-evaluating the geographies of labour. In: Progress in Human Geography 35 (2), 211-233. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132510366746
Coe, Neil M., & Jordhus-Lier, David C. (2023): The multiple geographies of constrained labour agency. In: Progress in Human Geography 47 (4), 533-554. https://doi.org/10.1177/03091325231174308
Covarrubias, Alex V. (2020): El T-MEC. Escenarios probables para el trabajo y la industria automotriz regional. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/mexiko/17451.pdf, 017.12.2024
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Mexico, USMCA, Labour Rights, Automotive Industry, Union Representation, Multiscalar Governance
The adoption of the “Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD)” by the European Parliament in 2024 opens up new possibilities to address human and labour rights abuses along supply chains. This article looks at the implications for the palm oil supply chain, an industry that is notorious for exploitation, land conflicts and environmental destruction. Can supply chain legislation be used to strengthen an emerging Transnational Union Network (TUN) in this sector? The article argues that in order to avoid managerial unionism that speaks on behalf of workers in the Global South, transnational information exchange is necessary to develop strategic interventions that support rather than replace grassroots struggles. Trade unions need to unlearn an NGO-type practice that focuses on a few ‘bad apples’ and instead tackle industry-wide structures of exploitation. By politicising issues such as poverty wages, gender discrimination and water pollution, the labour movement can create a new solidarity narrative of social-ecological transformation and transnationalise its strategic capacity.
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EU Due Diligence Directive, Lieferkettensorgfaltspflichtgesetz, labour movement, social-ecological transformation, palm oil, Transnational Union Network
When EU-based corporations share responsibility for violations of human rights occurring in their international supply and value chains, it raises the following question: to what degree can the victims hold them legally responsible? This article examines relevant legal hurdles for injured parties from the countries of the Global South, according to the current state of the laws, and analyses the degree to which the CSDDD, the European Union’s supply chain directive, rectifies these hurdles. Consequently, the new regulations for liability are only partly able to overcome these legal hurdles. The strength of CSDDD rests mainly in its preventive impact rather than its remedial one. Stricter regulation by EU member states, however, is possible but only time will tell if or when those actions are implemented.
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business and human rights, liability, CSDDD, due diligence, supply and value chains
The purpose of this article is to explore the relationship between the recently approved Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive and the Chilean labour struggle. Specifically, it aims to examine to what extent this directive can be viewed as a transfer of institutional power resources from workers of high power to those of low power. In order to achieve this, we use the Power Resources Approach as a theoretical guide and situate the problem in Chile, which has a weak union movement and poor institutional power of the working class. In spite of the generally weak picture, these two sectors have gained some organisational power. Therefore, by utilising it, we may be able to develop our analysis. Taking this into account, we emphasise the importance of defragmenting the Chilean labour movement in order to ‘realise’ the transferred institutional power resources.
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Power Resources, EU-CSDDD, Trade Unions