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Globalisation has led to globally interconnected production structures and the spread of global value chains and production networks. Globalised production not only influences economic development prospects, but also working conditions and wages as well as workers’ power and struggles. This special issue is dedicated to labour organising in the context of globalised production. Based on case studies from different sectors and world regions, the authors advance conceptual debates and provide empirical insights into the complexity of the politics of scale in organising efforts. The contributions go beyond trade unions, looking at different union and non-union actors and how they work together at the transnational level. They analyse power relations, structures and practices that enable or hinder (transnational) labour organising.
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This article provides an overview of theoretical and empirical efforts to understand the multiple dimensions enabling and hindering (transnational) labour organising in the context of globalised production. It situates the contributions to this special issue in the broader debate on the role of labour and workers’ agency in global value chains and production networks. For this, it brings together chain and network approaches with labour studies in a highly productive dialogue. Focusing on labour as a transnational actor, the article further identifies different approaches of and actors within transnational organising and provides empirical insights on the complexity of the politics of scale in organising efforts. Four key issues are identified as complicating labour organising along global value chains: (i) asymmetrical power relations within organising, particularly between the global North and South, (ii) the continued importance of the local and national scale, (iii) difference and dividing lines between workers, and (iv) the red-green divide. The article argues for the importance of a multi-scalar and intersectional perspective on transnational organising beyond binaries. Such an approach recognises the key role of local alliances as well as the possibilities and limits arising from transnational organising initiatives to confront globalised capital.
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Helfen, Markus/Fichter, Michael (2013): Building Transnational Union Networks across Global Production Networks: Conceptualising a New Arena of Labour- Management Relations. In: British Journal of Industrial Relations 51 (3), 553-576. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjir.12016
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Humphrey, John/Schmitz, Hubert (2002): How does insertion in global value chains affect upgrading in industrial clusters? In: Regional Studies 36 (9), 1017-1027. https://doi.org/10.1080/0034340022000022198
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Lindberg, Ingemar (2011): Varieties of Solidarity: An Analysis of Cases of Worker Action across Borders. In: Bieler, Andreas/Lindberg, Ingemar (eds.): Global Restructuring, Labour and the Challenges for Transnational Solidarity. New York: Routledge, 206-219.
Lorenzen, Stefanie (2022): New Business and Human Rights Laws – Support for Social Upgrading? In: Teipen, Christine et al. (eds.): Economic and Social Upgrading in Global Value Chains. Comparative Analyses, Macroeconomic Effects, the Role of Institutions and Strategies for the Global South. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan/Springer, 437-466. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87320-2_17
Marslev, Kristoffer/Staritz, Cornelia/Raj-Reichert, Gale (2022): Rethinking Social Upgrading in Global Value Chains: Worker Power, State-Labour Relations and Intersectionality. In: Development and Change, forthcoming. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12705
McCallum, Jamie K. (2015): Governance Struggles and Worker Power. In: Bieler, Andreas/Erne, Roland/Golden, Darragh/Helle, Idar/Kjeldstadli, Knut/Matos, Tiago/Stan, Sabrina (eds.): Labour and Transnational Action in Times of Crisis. London/New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 143-158. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12705
Merk, Jeroen (2009): Jumping Scale and Bridging Space in the Era of Corporate Social Responsibility: Cross-Border Labour Struggles in the Global Garment Industry. In: Third World Quarterly 30 (3), 599-615. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590902742354
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Miguez, Pablo/Menendez, Nicolas D. (2021): Platform workers in Latin America Transnational logics and regional resistances? In: Tempo Social 33 (2), 231-251. https://doi.org/10.11606/0103-2070.ts.2021.181565
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labour, transnational organising, activism, global value chains, global production networks, politics of scale
Transnational labour alliance (TLA) campaigns have been the subject of sustained scholarly inquiry for more than two decades. Nevertheless, little is known about the overall characteristics of TLA campaigns in general, in part because the full population of cases remains unknown. This article begins to fill this lacuna by introducing the Transnational Labor Alliances Database Project, an archive of primary and secondary documents and researcher-assembled case summaries created by the author over six years, with the help of over 100 undergraduate research assistants. This article explains the methodology of the project as well as several important limitations of the database in its current state. Additionally, this article provides a theoretical overview of key themes relevant to the analysis of TLAs and an empirical overview of broad trends in TLA campaigns. It makes a first step towards developing a typology of TLAs and argues that TLAs vary across at least five key dimensions: (1) who the main actors are; (2) what workers want; (3) where the campaign occurs; (4) why the TLA forms in the first place; and (5) how tactics are deployed.
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Amengual, Matthew/Kuruvilla, Sarosh (2020): Editorial Essay: Introduction to a Special Issue on Improving Private Regulation of Labor in Global Supply Chains: Theory and Evidence. In: ILR Review 73(4), 809–816. https://doi.org/10.1177/0019793920927693
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van Barneveld, Kristin/Quinlan, Michael/Kriesler, Peter/Junor, Anne/Baum, Fran/Chowdhury, Anis/Junankar, PN (Raja)/Clibborn, Stephen/Flanagan, Frances/Wright, Chris F./Friel, Sharon (2020): The COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons on building more equal and sustainable societies. In: The Economic and Labour Relations Review 31(2), 133–157. https://doi.org/10.1177/1035304620927107
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activism, database, labour, transnational, unions
This article analyses the impact on workers’ power of two Transnational Industrial Relations Agreements (TIRAs) in the garment industry. A company-based Global Framework Agreement (GFA) is contrasted with the Action, Collaboration, Transformation (ACT) Initiative, which includes more than one lead firm and more extensive commitments. By applying a Power Resource perspective, we explore how vertical and horizontal power relations shape the implementation of both agreements, and how the agreements in turn affect those power relations. The research focuses on the implementation of the GFA and ACT in Bangladesh and Cambodia, respectively, drawing on document analysis and interviews with key stakeholders. We conclude that the GFA allows workers to pressure employers to comply with basic labour standards but also helps lead firms to better contain labour struggles and monitor their supply chain. ACT, in its design, gives unions the power to negotiate structural issues and therefore increases workers’ power to a greater extent. However, ACT has so far lacked successful implementation. While both institutional approaches have the potential to influence asymmetric power relations in the garment sector, they have not, so far, substantially changed them.
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Anner, Mark (2012): Corporate Social Responsibility and Freedom of Association Rights: The Precarious Quest for Legitimacy and Control in Global Supply Chains. In: Politics & Society 40(4), 609–644. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329212460983
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transnational industrial relations, trade union power, global production networks, garment, social upgrading
This paper looks at the processes that constrain worker organising at Indonesia’s largest manufacturer, PT Nikomas-Gemilang, where 68,000 workers produce athletic footwear for brands such as Nike, Adidas, and Puma. The paper critically applies the power resource approach to understand labour relations and (barriers to) transnational worker contestation at this mega-supplier. The paper gives special attention to the power dynamics that surround the factory, including the role local elites play in undermining trade union rights. This case study casts significant doubt upon the degree of freedom of association workers enjoy at Nikomas. It argues that traditional power structures in the region where the factory is located in combination with a long history of union-busting and the existence of a legacy union has constrained the organising possibilities of the Nikomas workers. However, it also highlights a case of a successful campaign against forced overtime. This way, the article shows that even in highly globalised sectors, local context enables and limits organising possibilities.
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Zajak, Sabrina/Egels-Zandén, Niklas/Piper, Nicola (2017): Networks of Labour Activism: Collective Action across Asia and Beyond: An Introduction to the Debate. In: Development and Change 48 (5), 899–921. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12336
power resource approach, global production networks, Nike, mega-suppliers, trade unions, freedom of association
This paper explores the factors that impact what scales are useful for labour organising and struggle. It argues that besides transnational networking and campaigns, intra- and inter-class solidarity and collaboration at the local and national scale are central to claim workers’ rights and needs, even in highly transnationalised sectors. In a case study on the cotton sector in Burkina Faso, it is analysed how various groups along the chain of production organise and mobilise to raise their claims. Collaboration between the various groups on the local and national scale turns out to be more important than transnational campaigning. However, in the light of the embeddedness of the sector in global production networks, transnational networking might still be a promising strategy but comes along with substantial challenges that are distinct for various actors. The paper discusses possible obstacles for transnational networking for the smallholders and informal and casual workers, and shows how local and national cooperation may be a prerequisite for such approaches.
Armano, Emiliana/Bove, Arianna/Murgia, Annalisa (eds., 2017): Mapping Precariousness, Labour Insecurity and Uncertain Livelihoods: Subjectivities and Resistance. London/New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315593838
Arnold, Dennis/Bongiovi, Joseph R. (2012): Precarious, Informalizing, and Flexible Work: Transforming Concepts and Understandings. In: American Behavioral Scientist 57(3), 289-308. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764212466239
Atzeni, Maurizio (2021): Workers’ organizations and the fetichism of the trade union form: toward new pathways for research on the labour movement? In: Globalizations 18, 1349-1362. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2021.1877970
Bassett, Thomas J. (2001): The Peasant Cotton Revolution in West Africa: Cote d’lvoire, 1880-1995. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
Bernstein, Henry (2010): Rural Livelihoods and Agrarian Change: Bringing Class Back. In: Long, Normann/Jingzhong, Ye (eds.): Rural Transformations and Policy Intervention in the Twenty First Century: China in Context. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 79-109. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849806992.00012
Bernstein, Henry (2008): Who are the ‘People of the Land’? Some Provocative Thoughts on Globalization and Development, with Reference to Sub-Saharan Africa. Conference paper, “Environments Undone: The Political Ecology of Globalization and Development”, University of North Carolina, 29.2.-1.3.2008.
Bonner, Christina/Spooner, Dave (2011): Organizing in the informal economy. A challenge for trade unions. In: Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft (2), 87-105.
Britwum, Akua O./Akorsu, Angela D. (2017): Organising Casual Workers on an Oil Palm Plantation in Ghana. In: Webster, Edward/Britwum, Akua O./Bhowmik, Sharit (eds.): Crossing the Divide. Precarious Work and the Future of Labour University of KwaZulu Natal Press: University of KwaZulu Natal Press, 33-52.
Brookes, Marissa/McCallum, Jamie K. (2017): The New Global Labour Studies: A Critical Review. In: Global Labour Journal 8(3), 201-218. https://doi.org/10.15173/glj.v8i3.3000
Carswell, Grace/De Neve, Geert (2013): Labouring for global markets: Conceptualising labour agency in global production networks. In: Geoforum 44, 62-70.
Castel, Robert (1995): Les métamorphoses de la question sociale, une chronique du salariat. Paris: Fayard. https://doi.org/10.3406/agora.1995.1517
Castel, Robert (2000): The Roads to Disaffiliation: Insecure Work and Vulnerable Relationships. In: International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 24(3), 519-535. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00262
Coe, Neil M./Hess, Martin (2013): Global production networks, labour and development. In: Geoforum 44, 4-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2012.08.003
Coulibaly, Nadoun (2019): Burkina Faso: la production cotonnière chute de 30% et dégringole à 436 000 tonnes. In: Jeunes Afrique, www.jeuneafrique.com/763829/economie/burkina-faso-la-production-cotonniere-chute-de-30-etdegringole-a-436-000-tonnes/, 3.3.2022.
Dofini, Romuald (2017): Producteurs de coton: Bihoun Bambou est le nouveau président de l’UNPCB. https://lefaso.net/spip.php?article71892, 1.3.2022.
Dowd-Uribe, Brian (2014a): Engineering yields and inequality? How institutions and agro-ecology shape Bt cotton outcomes in Burkina Faso. In: Geoforum 53, 161-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.02.010
Dowd-Uribe, Brian (2014b): Liberalisation Failed: Understanding Persistent State Power in the Burkinabè Cotton Sector from 1990 to 2004. In: Development Policy Review 32(5), 545-566. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12072
Dowd, Brian M. (2008): Organic Cotton in Sub-Saharan Africa. A New Development Paradigm? In: Moseley, William G./Gray, Leslie (eds.): Hanging by a Thread. Cotton, Globalizaion, and Poverty in Africa. Athens: Ohio University Press, 251-271.
Engels, Bettina (2019): A stolen revolution: popular class mobilisation in Burkina Faso. In: Labor History 60(2), 110-125. https://doi.org/10.1080/0023656X.2019.1552746
Engels, Bettina (2021): Peasant Resistance in Burkina Faso’s Cotton Sector. In: International Review of Social History 66(S29), 93-112. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020859021000122
Fairbrother, Peter/Lévesque, Christian/Hennebert, Marc-Antonin (eds., 2013): Transnational Trade Unionism. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203580974
Kinda, Irmine (2018): Campagne cotonnière: L’ODJ incrimine l’engrais. www.burkina24.com/2018/01/30/campagne-cotonniere-lodj-incrimine-lengrais/, 3.3.2022.
Komlosy, Andrea (2016): Work and Labor Relations. In: Kocka, Jürgen/van der Linden, Marcel (eds.): Capitalism: the reemergence of a historical concept. London: Bloomsbury, 33-69.
Lerche, Jens (2010): From ‘Rural Labour’ to ‘Classes of Labour’: Class Fragmentation, Caste and Class Struggle at the Bottom of the Indian Labour Hierarchy. In: Harriss-White, Barbara/Heyer, Judith (eds.): The Comparative Political Economy of Development. Africa and South Asia. London: Routledge, 66-87.
Lindell, Ilda (ed.) (2010): Africa’s Informal Workers. Collective Agency, Alliances and Transnational Organizing in Urban Africa. London: Zed. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350218192
Luna, Jessie K. (2019): The chain of exploitation: intersectional inequalities, capital accumulation, and resistance in Burkina Faso’s cotton sector. In: The Journal of Peasant Studies 46(7), 1413-1434. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2018.1499623
Luna, Jessie K./Dowd-Uribe, Brian (2020): Knowledge politics and the Bt cotton success narrative in Burkina Faso. In: World Development 136(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105127
Napon, Abdoul Razac (2011): Crise du coton. Psychose et frustrations dans les zones cotonnières. In: L’Evènement, 10.8.2011.
ODJ (2019): Conférence de presse des militants paysans de l’ODJ des zones cotonnières (SOFITEX, FASO-COTON et SOCOMA) du Burkina Faso, 28.5.2019. Déclaration liminaire.
Omolo, Jacob/Odhong, Emily (2017): Developing and Utilizing Power Resources: The Case of Kenya National Private Security Workers’ Union. Berlin: Friedrich Ebert Foundation.
Ouédraogo, Issoufou (2019): ODJ: Des producteurs menacent de boycotter la culture du coton. https://lefaso.net/spip.php?article89937, 1.3.2022.
Pye, Oliver (2017): A Plantation Precariat: Fragmentation and Organizing Potential in the Palm Oil Global Production Network. In: Development and Change 48(5), 942-964. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12334
Rizzo, Matteo/Atzeni, Maurizio (2020): Workers’ Power in Resisting Precarity: Comparing Transport Workers in Buenos Aires and Dar es Salaam. In: Work, Employment and Society 34(6), 1114-1130. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017020928248
Standing, Guy (2011): The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class. London: Bloomsbury Academic. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781849664554
Staritz, Cornelia/Newman, Susan/Tröster, Bernhard/Plank, Leonhard (2018): Financialization and Global Commodity Chains: Distributional Implications for Cotton in Sub-Saharan Africa. In: Development and Change 49(3), 815-842. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12401
Waterman, Peter (1993): Social-Movement Unionism: A New Union Model for a New World Order? In: Review [Fernand Braudel Center] 16(3), 245-278.
Zeilig, Leo (2009): The Student-Intelligentsia in sub-Saharan Africa: Structural Adjustment, Activism and Transformation. In: Review of African Political Economy 36(119), 63-78. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056240902885705
cotton, labour, networking, scale, Burkina Faso, Africa
Between 2012 and 2014, South Africa witnessed an unprecedented labour movement culminating in a five-month strike at what were then the three largest platinum mining companies in the world. Drawing from ethnographic research and in-depth interviews, this article traces the multiple scales within which mineworkers organised collectively, forging unity outside of traditional trade union affiliations. What began as a ‘living wage’ demand amongst a small number of a specific category of workers at one shaft, in one company, soon spread across the entire industry capturing the hearts and minds of 80,000 platinum mineworkers. Mineworkers’ ability to exercise power was intensified by their decision to jump scale and build bridges across companies and regions and to a lesser extent transnationally. The article also describes forms of solidarity in communities, especially by women, and the broader trade union movement and concludes by focusing on the fragmented nature of the working class in South Africa more generally. With few important exceptions, the extent to which mineworkers were able to exercise power beyond a relatively local or narrow scale is quite limited, despite this large-scale mobilisation.
Alexander, Peter (2013): Marikana: Turning Point in South African History. In: Review of African Political Economy 40 (138), 605-619. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2013.860893
Antonsich, Marco (2010): Grounding Theories of Place and Globalisation. In: Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 102 (3), 331-345. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.2010.00614.x
Benya, Asanda (2016): The Invisible Hands: Women in Marikana. In: Review of African Political Economy 42 (146), 545-560. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2015.1087394
Bond, Patrick (2019): Lessons Unlearned as Lonmin Expires and Sibanye Rises Amid Ongoing Labour-Community-Feminist Revolts. In: Swart, Mia/Rodny-Gumede, Ylva (eds.): Marikana Unresolved: The Massacre, Culpability and Consequences. Cape Town: UTC Press, 222-240.
Castree, Noel/Coe, Neil M./Ward, Kevin/Samers, Michael (2004): Spaces of Work: Global Capitalism and the Geographies of Labour. London: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446221044
Chinguno, Crispen (2015a): The Shifting Dynamics of the Relations between Institutionalisation and Strike Violence: A Case Study of Impala Platinum, Rustenburg (1982-2012). PhD thesis, University of Witwatersrand. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2015.1087396
Chinguno, Crispen (2015b): The Unmaking of Industrial Relations: The Case of Impala Platinum and the 2012-2013 Platinum Strike Wave. In: Review of African Political Economy 42 (146), 577-590.
Chinguno Crispen (2019): The Marikana Paradox: “Gaining the Remuneration but Losing the Union”. In: Swart, Mia/Rodny-Gumede, Ylva (eds.): Marikana Unresolved: The Massacre, Culpability and Consequences. Cape Town: UTC Press, 67-86.
Giokos, Heidi/Mahlati, Zintle (2016): Struggling NUM has Lost 40% of Members. Business Report, 3 June 2016. www.iol.co.za/business-report/economy/struggling-num-has-lost-40-of-members-2029959, 8.5.2018.
Kenny, Bridget (2020): The South African Labour Movement: A Fragmented and Shifting Terrain. In: Tempo Social 32 (1), 119-136. https://doi.org/10.11606/0103-2070.ts.2020.166288
Mndebele, Magnificent (2021): South Africa: The Deadly Cost of Union Membership in the Northwest. Mail and Guardian Online, 6 September 2021. https://allafrica.com/stories/202108280267.html, 15.10.2021.
Merk, Jeroen (2009): Jumping Scale and Bridging Space in the Era of Corporate Social Responsibility: Cross-border Labour Struggles in the Garment Industry. In: Third World Quarterly 30 (3), 599-615. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590902742354
Nieftagodien, Noor (2017): South Africa`s New Left Movements. In: Paret, Marcel/Runciman, Carin/Sinwell, Luke (eds.): Southern Resistance in Critical Perspective: The Politics of Protest in South Africa’s Contentious Democracy. London/New York: Routledge, 171-188. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315585017-11
Ntswana, Nyonde (2014): The Politics of Workers’ Control in South Africa’s Platinum Mines: Do Workers’ Committees in the Platinum Mining Industry Represent a Practice of Renewing Worker Control? Masters diss., University of Witwatersrand.
Sinwell, Luke (2019): Turning Points on the Periphery? The Politics of South Africa’s Platinum-Belt Strike Wave in Rustenburg, Northwest and Northam, Limpopo, 2012-2014. In: Journal of Southern African Studies 45 (5), 877-894. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2019.1664185
Sinwell, Luke/Mbatha, Siphiwe (2016): The Spirit of Marikana: The Rise of Insurgent Trade Unionism in South Africa. London: Pluto Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1ddr6gs
Wilderman, Jesse (2015): From Flexible Work to Mass Uprising: The Western Cape Farm Workers’ Struggle. SWOP Working Paper 4, Witwatersrand University.
Interviews, Speeches and Legal Documents
Da Costa, Michael (n. d.): Supplementary Statement to the Judicial Commission of Inquiry into the events at Marikana Mine in Rustenburg. Vice-President of Karee Mine, Lonmin. Unpublished and undated.
Da Costa, Michael (2012): Witness Statement to the Judicial Commission of Inquiry (chaired by Justice Farlam), 23 November 2012. Unpublished.
Makhanya, Siphamandla (2013): Speech: “South Africa after Marikana”, at Marxism 2013, Hosted by the Socialist Workers Party, London, 22 August 2013.
Makhanya, Siphamandla (2014): Personal communication with author. Rustenburg, 19 January 2014.
Mathunjwa, Joseph (2014): Speech at Olympia Stadium, Rustenburg, 19 January 2014. I personally recorded this public speech at the stadium.
Molapo (pseudonym). Interview on 28 September 2013 (in Marikana). Mineworker leader at Karee Shaft, Lonmon.
Mbatha, Siphiwe (2013): Interview on 23 October 2013 (in Johannesburg). Community-based leader who joined the struggle in Marikana.
Mbulelo (Pseudonym). Interview on 15 August 2013 (in Marikana). Mineworker leader of Karee Shaft, Lonmin.
Zakhele (Pseudonym). Interview on 3 November 2013 (in Marikana). Mineworker leader at Lonmin.
mineworkers, Marikana, trade unions, jumping scale
Australian NGO and trade union initiatives seek to improve conditions for women garment workers in the global South. This small-scale study sought perceptions of Australian-based civil society staff about the power of garment workers within such initiatives. Deploying a feminist political economy perspective, the study draws on feminist notions of power and the power resources approach. It looks beyond long-established sources of power (structural, associational, and institutional) to explore coalitional and discursive power. The theoretical framework emphasises the importance of discursive power, including social norms that impact power. The study highlights the potential for Australian civil society groups to perpetuate the dominant discourse of women worker’s ‘docility’ or to challenge it, including through amplifying worker voice. The findings indicate that obtaining coalitional power (power workers gain by joining with allies other than workers) requires workers to have some associational (collective) power among themselves, highlighting the interrelations of power resources and the limitations of substituting associational with coalitional power. These findings have implications for global North groups seeking to prevent garment worker exploitation.
Anner, Mark (2012): Corporate Social Responsibility and Freedom of Association Rights: The precarious quest for legitimacy and control in global supply chains. In: Politics and Society 40(4), 609-644. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329212460983
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Brookes, Marissa (2013): Varieties of Power in Transnational Labor Alliances: An analysis of workers’ structural, institutional, and coalitional power in the global economy. In: Labor Studies Journal 38(3), 181-200. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160449X13500147
Brooks, Ethel C. (2007): Unraveling the garment industry: Transnational organizing and women’s work. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Connor, Tim (2004): Time to scale up cooperation? Trade unions, NGOs, and the international anti-sweatshop movement. In: Development in Practice 14(1-2). 61-70. https://doi.org/10.1080/0961452032000170631
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den Hond, Frank/Stolwijk, Sjoerd/ Merk, Jeroen (2014): A strategic-interaction analysis of an urgent appeal system and its outcomes for garment workers. In: Mobilization: An International Quarterly 1, 83-111. https://doi.org/10.17813/maiq.19.1.n743kw1twlm37268
Elias, Juanita (2005): The gendered political economy of control and resistance on the shop floor of the multinational firm: a case-study from Malaysia. In: New Political Economy10(2), 203-222. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563460500144751
Elson, Diane/Pearson, Ruth (1981): ‘Nimble fingers make cheap workers’: An analysis of women’s employment in third world export manufacturing. In: Feminist Review 7, 87-107. https://doi.org/10.1057/fr.1981.6
Gaventa, John/Cornwell, Andrea (2015): Power and knowledge. In: Bradbury-Huang, Hilary (ed.): The Sage Handbook of Action Research. Los Angeles: Sage Publications, 465-471. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473921290.n46
Gereffi, Gary (1994): The organization of buyer-driven global commodity chains: How U.S. retailers shape overseas production networks. In Gereffi, Gary/Korzeniewicz, Miguel (eds.): Commodity chains and global capitalism. Westport, Conneticut: Praeger, 95-122.
Gunawardana, Samanthi J. (2011): What does transnational labour organising and solidarity mean for Sri Lankan free trade zone women workers? In: Bieler, Andreas/Lindberg, Ingemar (eds.): Global restructuring, labour and the challenges for transnational solidarity. London: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, 87-100.
Gunawardana, Samanthi J. (2018): Industrialization, Feminization and Mobilities. In: Elias, Juanita/ Roberts, Adrienne (eds.): Handbook on the international political economy of gender. Cheltenham, UK/Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 440-455. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781783478842.00040
Hertel, Shareen (2006): Unexpected power: Conflict and change among transnational activists. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501727290
Kabeer, Naila (2015): Women workers and the politics of claims-making in a globalizing economy. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/%28httpAuxPages%29/AA7089E93E952A14C1257EB400562052/$file/Kabeer.pdf, 02.03.2022
Keck, Margeret E./Sikkink, Kathryn (1999): Transnational advocacy networks in international and regional politics. In: International Social Science Journal 51(159), 89-101. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2451.00179
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Lukes, Steven (1974): Power: A Radical View. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-02248-9
Marslev, Kristoffer/Startiz, Cornelia/Raj-Reichert, Gale (2021): Worker power, state-labour relations and worker indentities: Re-conceptualising social upgrading in global value chains. Working paper. Department of Development Studies, University of Vienna. https://ie.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/p_ie/INSTITUT/Publikationen/IE_Publications/ieWorkingPaper/ie.WP13_Marslev_et_al._2021-11.pdf, 18.03.2022
McGee, Rosie (2016): Power and empowerment meet resistance: A critical, action-orientated review of the literature. IDS Bulletin 47(5). https://doi.org/10.19088/1968-2016.170
Mohanty, Chandra Talpade (2003): Feminism without borders: Decolonizing theory, practicing solidarity. Durham/London: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822384649
Patil, Vrushali (2013): From patriarchy to intersectionality: A transnational feminist assessment of how far we’ve really come. In: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 38(4), 847-867. https://doi.org/10.1086/669560
Reinecke, Juliane/Donaghey, Jimmy (2015): After Rana Plaza: Building coalitional power for labour rights between unions and (consumption-based) social movement organisations. In: Organization 22(5), 720-740. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508415585028
Rennie, Sarah/Connor, Tim/Delaney, Annie/Marshall, Shelley (2017): Orchestration from below: Trade unions in the global south, transnational business and efforts to orchestrate continuous improvement in non-state regulatory initiatives. In: UNSW Law Journal 40(3), 1275-1309. https://doi.org/10.53637/XUSU1796
Salamon, Lester M./Sokolowski, S. Wojciech/List, Regina (2004): Global Civil Society: An Overview. In: Salamon, Lester M./ Sokolowki, S.Wojciech (eds): Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Vol.2. Bloomfield: CT Kumarian Press.
Schmalz, Stefan/Ludwig, Carmen/Webster, Edward (2018): The Power Resources Approach: Developments and Challenges. In: Global Labour Journal 9(2), 113-134. https://doi.org/10.15173/glj.v9i2.3569
Scott, James C. (1989): Everyday Forms of Resistance. In: Copenhagen Papers 4, 33–62. https://doi.org/10.22439/cjas.v4i1.1765
Siddiqi, Dina M. (2009): Do Bangladeshi factory workers need saving? Sisterhood in the post-sweatshop era. In: Feminist Review 91, 154-174. https://doi.org/10.1057/fr.2008.55
Weldon, S. Laurel (2019): Power, exclusion and empowerment: Feminist innovation in political science. In: Women’s studies international forum 72, 127-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2018.05.014
Wells, Don (2009): Local worker struggles in the Global South: reconsidering
Northern impacts on international labour standards. In: Third World Quarterly 30(3), 567-579. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590902742339
Webster, Edward (2015): Labour after Globalization: Old and New Sources of Power.In: Bieler, Andreas/Erne, Roland/Golden, Darragh/Helle, Idar/Kjeldstadli, Knut/Matos, Tiago/Stan, Sabina (eds.): Labour and Transnational Action in Times of Crisis. London: Rowman & Littlefield International.
Wright, Erik Olin (2000): Working-Class Power, Capitalist-Class Interests, and Class Compromise. In: American Journal of Sociology 105(4), 957-1002. https://doi.org/10.1086/210397
Wright, Melissa W. (2006): Disposable Women and Other Myths of Global Capitalism. New York/London: Routledge.
feminist political economy, power resources, garment workers, global supply chains
The article provides a decolonial and feminist analysis of a particular kind of platform economies, namely those working on location-based applications called on-demand delivery apps. The focus is on the impact of this platform work on women on-demand delivery workers in Ecuador. Through this analysis, the author aims to enrich the study of transnational organisational processes of platform labour by arguing for the importance of intersectional approaches, where gender and migration are essential categories. By drawing on decolonial theoretical and methodological approaches, this paper makes reveals that women face more vulnerability working with on-demand delivery apps, such as sexual harassment and care work overload, but also, that they must make their way into leadership positions in a highly masculinised sector. The article shows that women on-demand delivery workers have the capacity to organise and resist bad working conditions and that they utilise transnational networks to do so.
Abilio, Ludmila/Almeida, Paula/Amorim, Henrique/Cardoso, Ana Claudia/Fonseca, Vanessa/Kalil, Renan/Machado, Sidnei (2020): Condições de trabalho de entregadores via plataforma digital durante a Covid-19. In: Trabalho e Desenvolvimento Humano 3, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.33239/rjtdh.v.74
Abilio, Ludmila/Machado, Ricardo (2017): Uberização traz ao debate a relação entre precarização do trabalho e tecnologia. In: IHU UNISINOS 1, 20-28.
Anwar, Mohammad Amir (2019): Connecting South Africa: ICTs, Uneven Development and Poverty Debates. In: Knight, Jasper/Rogerson, Christian (eds.): The Geography of South Africa: Contemporary Changes and New Directions. Wiesbaden: Springer, 261-267. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94974-1_28
Arora, Payal (2014): The leisure commons: A spatial history of Web 2.0. Oxford: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315772608
Associação Brasileira do Sector de Bicicletas (2019): Pesquisa de perfil dos entregadores ciclistas de aplicativo. São Paulo.
Bilbao, Jone (2020): Quién dispone del tiempo de quién…esa es la cuestión. In: Ecuardor Today, 28.4.2020. https://ecuadortoday.media/2020/04/28/quiendispone-del-tiempo-de-quien-esa-es-la-cuestion/, 28.4.2022.
Casilli, Antonio (2017): Digital Labor Studies go Global: Toward a Digital Decolonial Turn. In: International Journal of Communication 11, 3934-3954.
Chander, Anupam (2017): The Racist Algorithm? In: Michigan Law Review 115 (6), 1023-1045. https://doi.org/10.36644/mlr.115.6.racist
Cook, Cody/Diamond, Rebecca/Hall, Jonathan V./List, John A./Oyer, Paul (2018): The Gender Earnings Gap in the Gig Economy: Evidence from over a Million Rideshare Drivers. NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES. Working Paper 24732, www.nber.org/papers/w24732, 8.4.2022. https://doi.org/10.3386/w24732
Couldry, Nick/Ulises A, Mejias (2019): The Costs of Connection: How Data Is Colonizing Human Life and Appropriating It for Capitalism. Stanford: Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781503609754
Curiel, Ochy (2007): Crítica poscolonial desde las prácticas políticas del feminismo antirracista. In: Nómadas 26, 92-101.
Duggan, James/Sherman, Ultan/Carbery, Ronan/McDonnell, Anthony (2019): Algorithmic Management and App-Work in the Gig Economy: A Research Agenda for Employment Relations and HRM. In: Human Resource Management Journal 30 (1), 114-132. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12258
Evans, David (ed., 2011). Platform economics: Essays on multi-sided businesses. Competition Policy International, 2011, https://ssrn.com/abstract=1974020, 8.4.2022.
Faith, Becky (2018): Why we need a ‘feminist digital economics. In: Feminist Reflection on Internet Policies, https://genderit.org/feminist-talk/why-we-need-%E2%80%98feminist-digital-economics%E2%80%99, 8.4.2022.
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platform economies, women on-demand delivery workers, decolonial studies
The term “labour geography”, first coined by Andrew Herod (1997), sought to shift the capital-centric focus of economic geography to a more labour-centric focus. Feminist scholars have long argued for paying attention to the ways that labour’s social relations and lived experiences shape the politics of labour beyond wages or formal employment. However, labour geographers problematically continue to separate the larger questions of existence, analytically and ontologically, from the questions of work and everyday labour struggles. This article draws attention to the significance of quotidian processes of theorising by working class women in India as they labour and mobilise across disparate social, economic and cultural locations. The spaces of work discussed in this article are transnational, because, as spaces of knowledge production they are shaped by, and in turn shape, transnational narratives and strategies around global labour struggle. The article offers two key insights regarding a) the everyday kno ledge production of working-class women, forged through work and struggle; and b) the significance of paying attention to the political thoughts and acts of working-class women, which holds possibilities for new solidarities and political alliances. These points are made through three illustrations – women farmers at the farmers’ protest in the outskirts of Delhi, women singing ovi in rural Maharashtra, and women factory workers creating radio podcasts in Tamil Nadu.
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labour geography, transnational feminism, working-class women, knowledge production