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This article identifies three stages of Chinese capital export. A first period started in 1999, when state-owned companies invested in commodity supply and infrastructure in the Global South; a second period after the global financial crisis of 2008, a period in which the focus of investors shifted to the Global North, in particular the EU. During this time, takeovers of tech companies by Chinese private companies became more important. Since 2017, a third period has begun. Chinese state-led internationalization is in crisis: there are growing conflicts with the US and EU member states, while Chinese FDI is decreasing. In this article, these developments will be presented by drawing on world-systems analysis and by analysing data on Chinese investment.
Article (digital)
Introduction
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Belt and Road Initiative, developmental state, China, South-South cooperation, spatial fix
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Chinese labour relations, labour protest, collective action, labour power resources, dispatched labour, legal resistance
China’s reform period has inaugurated different processes of capital accumulation from which new capitalist classes have emerged. The expansion of these classes in the soybean commodity chain and their relationship with the state have triggered different forms of integration into global supply chains. However, the development trajectory of China’s soybean complex has contributed to the rise of a single dominant class faction: the state-transnational capitalist class. This class has been nurtured by the fancially-driven, internationalised expansion of the China National Cereals, Oils and Foodstuffs Corporation (COFCO). Its prominence has enabled COFCO to replicate its expansion methods abroad and, consequently, to change China’s role in the world soybean commodity chain.
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COFCO, soybean commodity chain, internationalisation, Xi Jinping, China